The principle factors that must be considered to calculate recoil are bullet weight (mass), bullet velocity, powder charge, and rifle weight (mass). Newton's law explains why rocket motors are able to propel the space shuttle into orbit, and why guns kick. MV = MV (mass times velocity equals mass times velocity), the momentum must be equal on both sides of the equation. Recoil is measured in something called a recoil pendulum, or calculated by mathematical formula based on Newton's physical law that says for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. If your shoulder restrains the rifle's rearward motion, then your shoulder must absorb the energy generated by the recoiling rifle. Free recoil means that the rifle is allowed to move backward unrestrained after being fired. Recoil is generally expressed as "free recoil" and measured in foot-pounds of energy.
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